Section 299.1028. Plants.


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  • Rule  8. (1) The following plant species are included on the  state list of endangered species:

    Agalinas gattingeri Small [Gerardia gattingeri Small]         Gattinger’s gerardia

    Agalinas skinneriana (A. Wood) Britton [Gerardia

    skinneriana A. Wood]                                                          Skinner’s gerardia

    Amerorchis rotundifolia (Pursh) Hultén                               Small round-leaved orchis

    Androsace occidentalis Pursh                                               Rock-jasmine

    Antennaria rosea Greene                                                      Rosy pussytoes

    Aristida tuberculosa Nutt.                                                    Beach three-awned grass

    Arnica cordifolia Hooker                                                      Heart-leaved arnica

    Arnica lonchophylla Greene                                                 Longleaf arnica

    Asclepias ovalifolia Dcne.                                                    Dwarf milkweed

    Asplenium ruta-muraria L.                                                   Wall-rue

    Asplenium scolopendrium L. var. americana (Fernald) Kartesz & Ghandi [Phyllitis scolopendrium var.

    americanum Fern.]                                                               Hart’s-tongue fern

    Baptisia leucophaea Nutt.                                                    Cream wild indigo

    Besseya bullii (Eaton) Rydb.                                                Kitten-tails

    Botrychium acuminatum W. H. Wagner                              Moonwort

    Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey                           Side-oats grama grass

    Carex crus-corvi Kuntze                                                      Raven’s-foot sedge

    Carex heleonastes Ehrh.                                                       Hudson Bay sedge

    Carex nigra (L.) Reichard                                                    Black sedge

    Carex platyphylla Carey                                                       Broad-leaved sedge

    Carex straminea Willd.                                                        Straw sedge

    Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.                                       American chestnut

    Chamaerhodos nuttallii Fern.                                               Rock-rose

    Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates [Uniola latifolia

    Michaux]                                                                              Wild oats

    Chelone obliqua L.                                                               Purple turtlehead

    Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf.                                    Mullein-foxglove Dichanthelium polyanthes (Schult.) Mohlenbr                                             Round-seed panic-grass Dodecatheon meadia L.                                                                             Shooting star

    Draba glabella Pursh.                                                          Smooth whitlow grass

    Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth                               Purple spike rush

    Eleocharis microcarpa Torrey                                              Small-fruited spike-rush

    Eleocharis nitida Fern.                                                         Slender spike rush

    Eleocharis parvula (R. & S.) Link                                       Dwarf spike-rush

    Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau                               Dwarf burhead Galium kamtschaticum Schultes & J. H. Schultes                            Bedstraw Gentiana flavida A. Gray [G. alba Muhl.]                                                                     White gentian Gentiana puberulenta J. Pringle [G. puberula Michaux]                     Downy gentian Gillenia trifoliata (Muhl.) Baill. [(L.) Moench.]                                                Bowman’s root Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz.                                                    Northern oak fern

    Hedysarum alpinum L.                                                         Alpine sainfoin

    Hymenoxys herbacea (Greene) Cusick [Hymenoxys

    acaulis var. glabra (Gray) Parker                                         Lakeside daisy

    Round-fruited St. John’s-

    Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michaux

    wort

    Isoetes engelmannii A. Braun                                               Engelmann's quillwort

    Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw.                                       Climbing fern

    Mertensia virginica Pers. (L.)                                               Virginia bluebells

    Mimulus michiganensis (Pennell) Posto & Prather               Michigan monkey flower

    Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. [N. microphylla (Pers.)

    Fern.]                                                                                    Small yellow pond lily

    Nymphaea leibergii Morong                                                 Pygmy water lily

    Ophioglossum vulgatum L. [ Ophioglossum pycnostichum Southeastern adder’s-

    (Fern.) Löve & Löve]

    tongue

    Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.                                               Fragile prickly pear

    Penstemon gracilis Nutt.                                                      Slender beard tongue

    Phlox ovata L. (P. latifolia Michx.)                                      Wideflower phlox

    Plantago cordata Lam.                                                         Heart-leaved plantain

    Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindley [Habenaria ciliaris (L.)

    R. Br.]

    Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley [Habenaria

    Orange- or yellow-fringed orchid

    leucophea (Nutt.) A. Gray]                                                  Prairie white-fringed orchid

    Poa canbyi (Scribner) Piper                                                  Canbyi’s bluegrass Swamp or Black

    Populus heterophylla L.

    cottonwood

    Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerman                                         Spotted pondweed

    Prosartes hookeri Torr.                                                         Fairy bells

    Proserpinaca pectinata Lam.                                               Mermaid-weed Rhynchospora (Psilocarya) nitens (Vahl) A. Gray                                       Short-beak beak-rush Rhynchospora recognita (Gale) Kral                                                            Globe beak-rush

    Rubus acaulis Michaux                                                        Dwarf raspberry

    Ruellia strepens L.                                                                Smooth ruellia

    Rumex occidentalis S. Wats                                                 Western dock

    Sanguisorba canadensis L.                                                   Canadian burnet Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Schinz & R. Keller                                 Three-square bulrush Scleria pauciflora Willd.                                                                                    Few-flowered nut rush

    Scutellaria nervosa Pursh                                                     Skullcap

    Silene virginica L.                                                                 Fire pink

    Solidago bicolor L.                                                               White goldenrod

    Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitch.                             Dropseed

    Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.                                                     Fleshy stitchwort

    Subularia aquatica L.                                                           Awlwort

    Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.                                           Cranefly orchid

    Trillium undulatum Willd.                                                    Painted trillium Utricularia inflata Walter [U. radiata Small]                                                     Floating bladderwort Vaccinium vitis -idaea L.                                                                                 Mountain cranberry

    Viola epipsila Ledeb.                                                            Northern marsh violet

    Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray                                     Northern woodsia

    (2)    The following plant species are included on the state list of threatened species:

    Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.                                                   Prairie or pale agoseris

    Agrimonia rostellata Wallr.                                                      Beaked agrimony

    Allium schoenoprasum L. (native variety)                               Chives

    Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun                                                  Rock cress

    Aristida longespica Poiret                                                        Three-awned grass

    Aristolochia serpentaria L.                                                       Virginia snakeroot

    Armoracia lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V.

    Bates[Armoracia aquatica (Eaton Wiegand)]                         Lake cress

    Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.                                                     Western mugwort

    Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woodson                                      Tall green milkweed

    Asclepias purpurascens L.                                                       Purple milkweed

    Asclepias sullivantii Engelm.                                                    Sullivant’s milkweed

    Asplenium rhizophyllum L. [Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.)

    Link]                                                                                         Walking fern

    Aster drummondii Lindl                                                           Drummond’s aster

    Aster furcatus Burgess                                                              Forked aster

    Aster modestus Lindley                                                            Great northern aster

    Aster sericeus Vent.                                                                 Western silvery aster

    Astragalus canadensis L.                                                         Canadian milk vetch

    Bartonia paniculata (Michaux) Muhl.                                Panicled screwstem

    Beckmannia syzigachne (Steudel) Fern.                            Slough grass

    Berula erecta (Nutt.) Fern. [Berula pusilla (Nutt.) Fern.] Cut-leaved water parsnip

    Prairie Moonwort or

    Botrychium campestre W. H. Wagner

    Botrychium hesperium (Maxon & Clausen) W. H.

    Dunewort

    Wagner & Lellinger                                                            Western moonwort

    Botrychium mormo W. H. Wagner                                    Goblin moonwort

    Botrychium spathulatum W. H. Wagner                            Spatulate moonwort

    Braya humilis (C. A. Meyer) Robinson                             Low northern rock cress

    Bromus pumpellianus Scribner                                          Pumpelly’s bromegrass

    Calamagrostis lacustris (Kearney) Nash                            Northern reedgrass

    Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler                                 Narrow-leaved reedgrass

    Callitriche heterophylla Pursh                                            Large water starwort

    Caltha natans Pallas ex Georgi                                          Floating marsh marigold

    Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes                                               Calypso or fairy-slipper

    Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory                                         Wild hyacinth

    Carex albolutescens Schw.                                                Sedge

    Carex assiniboinensis W. Boott                                         Assiniboia sedge

    Carex atratiformis Britton                                                  Sedge

    Carex conjuncta F. Boott.                                                  Sedge

    Carex lupuliformis Dewey                                                 False hop sedge

    Carex media R. Br.                                                            Sedge

    Carex novae-angliae Schwein.                                          New England sedge

    Carex oligocarpa Willd.                                                    Eastern few-fruited sedge

    Carex rossii Boott                                                              Ross's sedge

    Carex scirpoidea Michaux                                                 Bulrush sedge

    Carex seorsa Howe                                                            Sedge

    Carex tincta Fern.                                                               Sedge

    Carex typhina Michaux                                                      Cattail sedge

    Castilleja septentrionalis Lindley                                       Pale Indian paintbrush

    Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh                                              Wild lilac

    Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) B.L.

    Rob.                                                                                    Shortstalk chickweed

    Cirsium pitcheri (Eaton) Torrey & A. Gray                       Pitcher's thistle

    Collinsia parviflora Lindley                                               Small blue-eyed Mary

    Coreopsis palmate Nutt.                                                    Prairie coreopsis

    Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC.                                              Yellow fumewort

    Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br.                                American rock-brake

    Cypripedium candidum Willd.                                           White lady slipper

    Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver                                        Tennessee bladder fern

    Dalibarda repens L.                                                           False violet

    Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore                   Hay-scented fern

    Dentaria maxima Nutt.                                                      Large toothwort

    Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) Brandenburg                      Beak grass Dichanthelium leibergii (Vasey) Freckmann                                                            Leiberg’s panic grass Draba cana Rydb.                                                                                 Ashy whitlow grass

    Draba incana L.                                                                 Twisted whitlow grass

    Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern.                                               Creeping whitlow grass

    Dryopteris celsa (W. Palmer) Small                                   Small log fern

    Eleocharis compressa Sulliv.                                             Flattened spike rush

    Eleocharis tricostata Torrey                                               Three-ribbed spike rush

    Empetrum nigrum L.                                                          Black crowberry

    Erigeron acris L.                                                                Fleabane

    Erigeron hyssopifolius Michaux                                         Hyssop-leaved fleabane

    Eryngium yuccifolium Michaux                                         Rattlesnake-master or button snakeroot

    Hollow-stemmed Joe-pye

    Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt

    weed

    Eupatorium sessilifolium L.                                                Upland boneset

    Euphorbia commutata Engelm.                                         Tinted spurge

    Euphrasia hudsoniana Fernald & Weigand                       Eyebright

    Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr.                                    Eyebright

    Festuca scabrella Torrey [F. altaica Trin.]                         Rough fescue

    Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson                                     Queen-of-the-prairie

    Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush [F. tomentosa F.

    Michaux]                                                                            Pumpkin ash

    Fuirena pumila (Torr.) Spreng.                                          Umbrella-grass

    Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf.                                             Showy orchis

    Gentiana linearis Froel.                                                      Narrow-leaved gentian

    Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small                                   Stiff gentian

    Geum triflorum Pursh                                                         Prairie smoke

    Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) C.E. Hubb.                            Slender manna grass

    Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.                                                 Woodland everlasting

    Gratiola aurea Pursh [ G. lutea Raf.]                                Hedge-hyssop

    Gratiola virginiana L.                                                        Annual hedge hyssop Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffman) Newman                                      Limestone oak fern Helianthus mollis Lam.                                                                                   Downy sunflower

    Hieracium paniculatum L.                                                 Panicled hawkweed

    Hydrastis canadensis L.                                                     Goldenseal

    Hypericum adpressum Raf. ex W. Bart.                            Creeping St. John’s-wort Wild potato vine or man-of-

    Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Meyer

    the-earth

    Iris lacustris Nutt.                                                              Dwarf lake iris

    Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf.                                          Whorled pogonia

    Juncus brachycarpus Engelm.                                           Short-fruited rush

    Juncus militaris Bigelow                                                    Bayonet rush

    Juncus scirpoides Lam.                                                      Scirpus-like rush

    Juncus stygius L.                                                                Moor rush

    Juncus vaseyi Engelm.                                                       Vasey’s rush

    Justicia americana (L.) Vahl                                              Water willow

    Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertner                                         Woodland lettuce

    Lechea pulchella Raf. [ Lechea leggettii Britton &

    Hollick]                                                                              Leggett's pinweed

    Linum virginianum L.                                                        Virginia flax

    Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks                         Black twinberry

    Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell.                                               Globe-fruited seedbox

    Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.                                         Small-flowered wood rush

    Lycopodiella margaritae J. G. Bruce, W. H. Wagner, &

    Beitel                                                                                  Clubmoss

    Lycopus virginicus L.                                                         Virginia water-horehound

    Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Fenzl                             Big-leaf sandwort

    Morus rubra L.                                                                   Red mulberry

    Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.                          Mat muhly

    Myrica pensylvanica Mirbel                                               Northern bayberry

    Myriophyllum farwellii Morong                                         Farwell’s water milfoil

    Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. [Nelumbo pentapetala

    (Walter) Fern.]                                                                    American lotus

    Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Miq.                                      Devil’s club

    Orobanche fasciculata Nutt.                                              Broomrape

    Oryzopsis canadensis (Poiret) Torrey                                 Canada rice grass

    Osmorhiza depauperata Phil.                                             Sweet Cicely

    Panax quinquefolius L.                                                      Ginseng

    Panicum longifolium Torrey                                               Panic grass

    Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. Ex Trin.                          Philadelphia panic-grass

    Panicum verrucosum Muhl.                                               Warty panic grass

    Parnassia palustris L.                                                        Marsh grass-of-parnassus

    Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link.                                         Purple cliff brake

    Penstemon calycosus Small                                                Beard tongue

    Petasites sagittatus (Pursh) A. Gray                                   Sweet coltsfoot

    Phacelia franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray                                   Franklin’s phacelia

    Phlox maculata L.                                                              Wild sweet William

    Poa alpina L.                                                                     Alpine bluegrass

    Poa paludigena Fern. & Wieg.                                          Bog bluegrass

    Polemonium reptans L.                                                      Jacob’s ladder

    Polygonum careyi Olney                                                    Carey's smartweed

    Polygonum viviparum L.                                                    Alpine bistort

    Polymnia uvedalia L.                                                         Yellow-flowered leafcup

    Potamogeton bicupulatus Fern. [Potamogeton

    capillaceus Poiret]                                                              Waterthread pondweed

    Potamogeton hillii Morong                                                Hill's pondweed

    Potamogeton vaseyi Robins                                               Vasey's pondweed

    Potentilla paradoxa Nutt.                                                  Sand cinquefoil

    Potentilla pensylvanica L.                                                  Prairie cinquefoil

    Prenanthes crepidinea Michx.                                           Nodding rattlesnake-root

    Prosartes trachycarpa S. Watson                                      Northern fairy bells

    Pterospora andromedea Nutt.                                           Pine-drops

    Pycnanthemum muticum (Michx.) Pers.                            Mountain mint

    Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt.                                            Hairy mountain mint

    Ranunculus ambigens Watson                                           Spearwort

    Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh                                            Seaside crowfoot

    Ranunculus lapponicus L.                                                  Lapland buttercup

    Ranunculus macounii Britton                                            Macoun's buttercup

    Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie                                       Prairie buttercup

    Rhexia mariana L.                                                             Maryland meadow beauty

    Rhynchospora scirpoides (Torr.) A. Gray                          Bald-rush

    Ruellia humilis Nutt.                                                          Hairy wild petunia

    Ruppia maritima L.                                                            Widgeon grass

    Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh                                              Rosepink

    Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl                                                   Pearlwort

    Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schlecht.                     Arrowhead

    Salix planifolia Pursh                                                          Tea-leaved willow Sarracenia purpurea f. heterophylla (Eaton) Fern.                              Yellow pitcher plant Saxifraga paniculata Miller [S. aizoön Jacq.]                                     Encrusted saxifrage Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb.                                                             Prickly saxifrage

    Schoenoplectus hallii (A. Gray) S.G. Sm.                          Hall’s bulrush

    Scleria reticularis Michaux                                                Netted nut rush

    Scutellaria ovata Hill                                                          Forest skullcap

    Scutellaria parvula Michaux [sensu lato]                           Small skullcap

    Senecio indecorus Greene                                                  Northern ragwort

    Silene nivea (Nutt.) Muhl. ex Otth                                     Evening campion

    Silene stellata (L.) Aiton f.                                                 Starry campion

    Silphium integrifolium Michaux                                         Rosinweed

    Silphium laciniatum L.                                                       Compass plant

    Silphium perfoliatum L.                                                      Cup plant

    Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bickn.                                          Atlantic blue-eyed-grass

    Solidago houghtonii A. Gray                                             Houghton's goldenrod

    Solidago missouriensis Nutt.                                              Missouri goldenrod

    Spiranthes ovalis Lindley                                                   Lesser ladies’-tresses

    Tanacetum huronense Nutt.                                               Lake Huron tansy

    Tofieldia pusilla (Michaux) Pers.                                        False asphodel

    Trichostema brachiatum L. [Isanthus brachiatus (L.)

    BSP.]                                                                                  False pennyroyal

    Trichostema dichotomum L.                                              Bastard pennyroyal

    Trillium nivale Riddell                                                       Snow trillium

    Trillium recurvatum Beck                                                  Prairie trillium

    Trillium sessile L.                                                               Toadshade

    Nodding pogonia or three birds

    Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb.

    orchid

    Utricularia subulata L.                                                       Bladderwort

    Vaccinium cespitosum Michaux                                         Dwarf bilberry

    Vaccinium uliginosum L.                                                   Alpine blueberry Valeriana edulis var. ciliata (T. & G.) Cronquest                                                Edible valerian Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC.                                               Goosefoot corn salad Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) A. W. Wood                                          Corn salad

    Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.                                           Squashberry or mooseberry

    Viola novae-angliae House                                                New England violet

    Viola pedatifida G. Don                                                           Prairie birdfoot violet

    Vitis vulpina L.                                                                         Frost grape

    Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poiret                                                  Wisteria

    Wolffia papulifera Thompson [W. brasiliensis Weddell]          Watermeal

    Woodsia obtusa (Sprengel) Torrey                                           Blunt-lobed woodsia

    Zizania aquatica var. aquatica L.                                             Wild rice

    Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fern.                                                     Prairie golden alexanders

    (3)     This rule does not apply to cultivated plants.

    (4)    The following species of plants are thought  to  be  extirpated  in Michigan, but will be listed automatically as threatened if rediscovered in the state:

    Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribner & J. G. Smith               Bluebunch wheatgrass

    Aristida dichotoma Michaux                                                    Three-awned grass

    Buchnera americana L.                                                           Bluehearts

    Carex decomposita Muhl.                                                        Log sedge

    Carex gravida Bailey                                                               Sedge

    Carex haydenii Dewey                                                             Hayden’s sedge

    Cerastium velutinum Raf.                                                        Field chickweed

    Commelina erecta L.                                                                Slender dayflower

    Cyperus acuminatus Torrey & Hooker                                    Cyperus, Nut grass

    Dalea purpurea Vent. [ Petalostemon purpurem (Vent.)

    Rydb.]                                                                                      Purple prairie clover

    Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler                                                 Slender finger grass Diphasiastrum (Lycopodium) alpinum (L.) Holub                                           Alpine clubmoss Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.                                                                            Purple coneflower

    Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem & Schult.                             Spike-rush

    Eleocharis radicans (Poiret) Kunth                                         Spike rush

    Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.                                                       Giant horsetail

    Fimbristylis puberula (Michaux) Vahl                                     Chestnut sedge

    Gentiana saponaria L.                                                             Soapwort gentian

    Glyceria acutiflora Torrey                                                        Manna grass

    Hedyotis nigricans (Lam.) Fosb.                                              Hedyotis

    Helianthus microcephalus Torrey & Gray                               Small wood sunflower

    Hibiscus laevis All.                                                                   Smooth rose-mallow

    Houstonia caerulea L.                                                              Azure bluet

    Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Raf.                                              Smaller whorled pognia

    Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) A. Gray                                           Blue lettuce

    Lechea minor L.                                                                       Least pinweed

    Lemna valdiviana Phil.                                                             Pale duckweed

    Lespedeza procumbens Michaux                                             Trailing bush clover

    Liatris punctata Hooker                                                           Dotted blazing star

    Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx.                                                   Plains blazing star

    Lithospermum incisum Lehm.                                                  Narrow-leaved puccoon

    Lysimachia hybrida Michaux                                                   Swamp candles

    Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.                                                   Mikania

    Mimulus alatus Aiton                                                               Winged monkey flower

    Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Hooker) Rydb.                                Plains muhly

    Onosmodium molle Michx.                                                      Marbleweed

    Oxalis violacea L.                                                                    Violet wood sorrel

    Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern.                                            Low-forked chickweed

    Phaseolus polystachios (L.) BSP.                                            Wild bean

    Phleum alpinum L.                                                                   Mountain timothy

    Phlox bifida Beck                                                                     Cleft phlox

    Polygala incarnata L.                                                              Pink milkwort

    Polytaenia nuttallii DC.                                                            Prairie parsley

    Prosartes maculata (Buckley) A. Gray                                    Nodding mandarin

    Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh                                                Sweet coneflower

    Scutellaria incana Biehler                                                        Skullcap

    Scutellaria ovata Hill                                                                Forest skullcap

    Senecio congestus (R. Br.) DC.                                                Marsh fleabane

    Sisyrinchium fuscatum E.P. Bicknell                                        Farwell’s blue-eyed grass

    Sisyrinchium hastile Bickn.                                                      Blue-eyed grass

    Tomanthera auriculata (Michaux) Raf. [Agalinas auriculata

    (Michaux) S. F. Blake]                                                             Eared foxglove

    Tradescantia bracteata Small.                                                  Long-bracted spiderwort

    Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore                                        Netted chain fern

History: 1979 AC; 1980 AACS; 1983 AACS; 1987 AACS; 1991 AACS; 1998-2000 AACS; 2009 AACS.